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→Incandescent
Sir Joseph Swann invented them in the 1870s; although most Americans credit Thomas Edison. Watch for improved versions using deposited carbon nanotube filaments by 2009. This may not matter since many governments are banning tungsten bulbs. Australia is targeting 2010, the USA 2012-2014.
An experimental proof-of-concept tailored-spectrum incandescent has shown natural light at close to maximum efficiency (40%) for a luminous device.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/12093545/Return-of-incandescent-light-bulbs-as-MIT-makes-them-more-efficient-than-LEDs.html</ref> In the device the filamant filament is surrounded by a cold-side nanophotonic interference system optimized to reflect infrared light and transmit visible light for a wide range of angles. It could become a light source that reaches luminous efficiencies (∼40%) surpassing existing lighting technologies, and nearing a limit for lighting applications.<ref>http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nnano.2015.309.html</ref>
== Application ==