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(Colin Henthorne, captain of the Queen of the North was [http://www.smithsonlaw.ca/?p=729 dismissed from employment]. Four years later in March 2010 fourth officer Karl Lilgert was charged with criminal negligence.) Colin Henthorne is the author of [http://www.harbourpublishing.com/title/QueenoftheNorthDisaster The Queen of the North Disaster], published in November 2016 <ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/captain-of-queen-of-the-north-recounts-ferry-sinking-unanswered-questions-in-newbook/article32831371/</ref> by [http://www.harbourpublishing.com/index.php Harbour Publishing].
→Herald of Free Enterprise
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= Understand the Nature of Disasters =
Chernobyl goes critical. Three Mile Island barely escapes a similar fate. The unhappy bottom line is that you can never plan for everything.
=== RMS Titanic === The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic Titanic] is the iconic symbol of disaster. It was considered to be unsinkable despite obvious design flaws that were only admitted retrospectively. They combined with initial human error before and after the collision with an iceberg to create a full-fledged disaster. New year's Day 2017 Britain's [http://www.channel4.com Channel 4] broadcast new evidence by Irish journalist Senan Molony revealing the ship also had a spontaneous coal fire raging for three weeks that weakened the hull.<ref>http://www.channel4.com/programmes/titanic-the-new-evidence</ref> <ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/31/huge-fire-ripped-titanic-struck-iceberg-fresh-evidence-suggests/</ref> <ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rms-titanic-evidence-fire-senan-molony-belfast-new-york-southampton-sink-april-1912-a7504236.html</ref> Previously in 2004 American engineer Robert H Essenhigh suggested that the ship’s crew might have been burning coal at a rapid rate in an effort to control the fire.<ref>https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_80510.htm</ref> Consequently the Titanic was traveling fast.
=== Titanic’s Sister Ship the Britannic ===
=== Italian Liner Andrea Doria ===
By the end of World War II the lessons of the Titanic had been institutionalisedinstitutionalized. Hundreds of thousands of people were crossing the oceans safely in passenger liners.
Yet on July 25, 1956 at 11:10 pm, disaster struck again. The Italian liner Andrea Doria was inbound for New York. The Swedish liner Stockholm was outbound for Sweden. Both ships were travelling at excessive speed in dense fog because fast crossings were a competitive advantage. As a precaution, the captain of the Andrea Doria ordered all watertight doors closed.
Today the site is a challenge for divers.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/05/19/the-mysterious-shipwreck-that-swallows-deep-sea-divers-who-try-to-find-it/</ref>
<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/news/explorers-plan-new-mission-to-deadly-andrea-doria-shipwreck-site/</ref>
=== Herald of Free Enterprise ===
Many potential sea accidents are avoided through sheer blind luck. But luck is never to be relied on.
Early on the evening of March 6 1987 the ro-ro ferry Herald of Free Enterprise set out for Dover from the Belgian port of Zeebrugge. Just 23 minutes later she rolled over within the space of two minutes, killing 193 people.
It's a simple story. The bow doors were open. The stern doors were open. She sailed anyway to keep to schedule, according to the Independent Newspaper.<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/zeebrugge-ferry-disaster-ms-herald-of-free-enterprise-uk-30-years-on-maritime-tragedy-killed-a7583131.html</ref>
=== Fishing Vessel Gaul ===
Coming down Grenville Channel the watch would have been looking for a flashing light to port at Sainty Point. It marks a transit to shift course to the east to line up with the distant Point Cumming light at the entrance to McKay Reach. Without this shift, a ship will remain on course for the northern shore of Gil Island.
== Avoid Human Error ==
The Titanic sank because of hubrisand commercial interests. The Britannic sank because of expediency. The Andrea Doria sank because the Stockholm mis-set its radar. The Gaul sank because the chute doors were not maintained and were seized open with rust. HMCS Chicoutimi almost sank because of expediency. The Queen of the North sank because of an inexplicable error in navigation. == References ==
[[Category:OperationsAwareness]]
