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→LED
Ongoing research has dramatically improved the efficiency of LEDs; although this is only starting to appear in production versions. LED efficiency improved dramatically in 2006. Nichia Corporation of Japan demonstrated white LED prototypes with an efficiency of 113 lumens per watt. The industry target is 100 lumens per watt, which is better than fluorescent tubes. The Nichia work was partly funded by the UK Department of Trade & Industry. (White LEDs are actually blue in wavelengths of 450 nm – 470 nm.)
However, as of December 2015 there is still wishy-washiness in the claims for LED efficiency. <ref>httphttps://www.theguardiantheconversation.com/environment/2015/dec/17/leadingthe-lightbulbscientific-brandsreason-makingyou-falsedont-claimslike-onled-energybulbs-efficiency</ref> <ref>https://greenwashinglamps.wordpress.com/consumerand-teststhe-halogen/simple-way-to-fix-them-81639</ref> <ref>http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/can-leds-be-nearly-as-cheap-as-incandescents-by-2020</ref>
In addition, LEDs produce no discernible heat and are more robust than fluorescents and incandescents. LEDs have become the lighting of choice for many marine applications.
Now that LEDs are more competitive, manufacturers are stepping up and also rating them in lumens.
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=== Fluorescents ===