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Thirty-five foot waves are not to be sneered at in any size of boat. On November 9, 1913, a storm on the Great Lakes with 35-ft wave height sank 12 freighters in a single night.<ref>The Detroit News, November 13, 1913, Detroit, MI, USA</ref> The Queen Mary II took a severe pounding from 30-35-ft waves on her maiden voyage in 2004.<ref> CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/12/world/main592773.shtml</ref> On March 3, 2005, the 72-ft sailing yacht, Team Save the Children, competing in the Global Challenge 2004-2005, became airborne when hit by an exceptionally large wave in the [[:SouthernOceanPassages|south Pacific]]. Today, worldwide, about two large ships sink every month; although most are heavily laden freighters and some are poorly maintained.<ref>The Cargo Letter, Countryman & McDaniel, http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_casualties.html</ref>
Rogue, or freak, waves are another matter. They can arise anywhere in any sea condition, in heights from 50 to 100 ft or more, endangering even the largest ships. <ref>French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea, http://www.ifremer.fr/metocean/rogue_waves.htm/</ref> <ref>http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arch/11_23_96/fob2.htm/</ref> <ref>Science News Online, Science News, http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf066/sf066g14.htm/</ref> Until recently they were thought to be rare but most common in the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agulhas_Current Agulhas Current] off the Cape of the same name on the southeast coast of South Africa, between Durban and Port St. Johns.<ref>Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_wave/</ref> <ref>SA Sailing Directions Vol 1 page 43, http://www.dynagen.co.za/eugene/freaks.html/</ref> <ref>Freak waves, rogue waves, extreme waves and ocean wave climate, Kristian B. Dysthe, Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Norway, et al, http://www.math.uio.no/~karstent/waves/index_en.html/</ref> <ref>Understanding the Freak Wave, Dr Paul Taylor, Department of Engineering Science at Oxford University, et al, http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/ContentLiveArea/Downloads/Adobe%20Portable%20Document%20Format/E-TaylorP.PDF</ref> In early 2016, researchers at MIT said they may have developed a method that would allow ships to have 2-3 minutes of warning before a rogue wave appears.<ref>http://www.popsci.com/now-ships-can-get-advance-warning-monster-rogue-waves</ref> In December 2016 the [http://public.wmo.int/ World Meteorological Organization] officially measured the highest recorded rogue wave.<ref>http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/19-meter-wave-sets-new-record</ref>
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<tr><td>70</td><td> 38.50</td><td> 24.50</td></tr>
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But research in 2004 by the [http://www.esa.int/ESA European Space Agency] indicated freak waves are very common, and not always associated with currents like the Agulhas or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream Gulf Stream]. During a three-week period, its MaxWave project using satellite-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar detected 10 massive waves, some nearly 100 ft (30 m). The next phase of the project, WaveAtlas, will analyse two years worth of data to map the location and frequency of freak waves.
<ref>Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites, ESA Portal, 21 July 2004, July 21, 2004, http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html/</ref> <ref>Predicting Rogue Waves, Technology Review, March 01, 2007, http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/18245/</ref>
In 2005, the [http://www.nrl.navy.mil/ Naval Research Laboratory] in Mississippi reported that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan Hurricane Ivan] created waves of 30-40 m. Such rogue waves will become more common as hurricanes increase in frequency due to global warming.<ref> Hurricanes Whip Up Huge Waves, Philip Ball, Nature, August 4, 2005, http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050801/full/050801-10.html</ref> (Warmer water superheats hurricane cells.)
Even coastal waves can become rogues. Waves have been observed on the Alabama coast as high as 32 m; while coastal 30-ft waves are frequent in Maine.<ref> Vijay Panchang, Texas A&M University at Galveston, www.tamug.edu/mase/wave_file/wave%20%simulations.htm</ref> Rogues have also been observed on the Ottawa River.<ref>http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/egan-alone-on-a-quiet-river-when-came-the-giant-waves-mayday-in-a-canoe</ref>
== Reserve Buoyancy ==